Noopept’s exact mechanism isn’t entirely understood, but several key actions are known. First, Noopept significantly increases the expression of NGF and BDNF in the hippocampus. These neurotrophins are crucial for neuron growth, survival, and synaptic plasticity – essentially helping the brain form new connections (which underlies learning and long-term memory). Second, Noopept modulates glutamate and acetylcholine systems. It prevents the excessive release of glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter, which protects neurons from glutamate-induced toxicity (excitotoxicity). This was evidenced by Noopept’s ability to block the cascade of cell death that occurs when oxygen is low and glutamate levels spike – it preserved neurons by damping harmful glutamate signaling. Meanwhile, Noopept upregulates or sensitizes acetylcholine receptors, improving cholinergic transmission (which is vital for memory and attention). It also influences AMPA and NMDA receptors (types of glutamate receptors) in a way that improves synaptic efficacy. EEG studies on animals and humans show Noopept increases alpha and beta brain wave activity, correlating with a state of relaxed alertness and enhanced cognitive processing. Users often describe an easier entry into a “flow state.” Additionally, Noopept has antioxidant properties, reducing oxidative stress in the brain, and can improve cerebral blood flow. Over long-term use, these combined effects (neuroprotection, improved signaling, neurotrophic support) manifest as better memory consolidation, faster information processing, and overall improved cognitive performance.